Kafir-Kala

A fortress of Sogdian rulers

Kafir-Kala ('fortress of the infidels') is a ruined Sogdian stronghold beside the Dargom canal, about 12 km south-east of central Samarkand, guarding the southern edge of the oasis. At its centre is a mud-brick citadel 75 metres square at the base and some 20 metres high, still ringed by a visible moat, with an inner town and suburb outside. The citadel was first occupied in the 4th–5th centuries and is thought to have been a country residence of Samarkand's rulers, the ikhshids. Early in the 8th century – probably during the Arab conquest – it was destroyed by a great fire.

The finds

An Italian–Uzbek expedition worked here in 2001–2008, and a Japanese–Uzbek team has excavated since 2013. The fire layer produced some 700 clay sealings, the largest such hoard from a single site in Central Asia. In 2017 the throne room revealed the charred remains of a 6th-century carved wooden door showing the goddess Nana enthroned on lions, surrounded by worshippers. Because the fire turned the wood to charcoal rather than ash, the carving survived. Restored by a Louvre specialist, the door has since been shown at the Louvre in Paris and the British Museum in London.